The Arusha Accords and the Failure of International Intervention in Rwanda

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8TheArushaAccordsandtheFailureofInternationalInterventioninRwandaJoelStettenheimOverviewTHEPERIODFOLLOWINGanagreementonendinginternalconflictcanoftenbeevenbloodierandmoredangerousthantheperiodbeforetheagreement.TheArushaPeaceAccords,whichostensiblyendedtheongoingconflictinRwandabetweenanexiledTutsiguerrillagroup(theRwandesePatrioticFront)andtheHutugovernmentofPresidentJuvenalHabyarimana,areatragicexampleofanegotiatedagreementfailingmiserablyinitsimplementation.AlmostimmediatelyfollowingthesignatureoftheArushaAccords,HutuextremistswhofeltleftoutoftheprocessandthreatenedbytheresultsorganizedahorrificmassacreofTutsiandHutumoderates.Between800,000andonemillionpeoplediedbetweenAprilandJuly1994.Ratherthanfocusingontheperiodofthemassacre,thischapterexamineshowthemediationoftheArushaAccordssetthestageforwhatmanyhavedescribedasgenocide.ThechapteralsohighlightstheunsuccessfulmediationattemptsleadinguptotheArushaAccords;thesuccessfulmediationoftheArushaAccordsbyahighlyskilledTanzaniandiplomat,AmiMpungwe;andtheviolencefollowingthebreakdownoftheAccordsafterthesuspiciousdeathofPresidentHabyarimana.Theroleofregionalorganizationsandotherinternationalactorsinthepre-ArushamediationsandtheArushaprocessitselfisanalyzed.Theskillofthemediatorinpacingthenegotiations,focusingthesubstanceofthenegotiations,andusingconnectionswiththeinternationalcommunity—213—

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</mwdata><mwxhtml><wx:metadata><title/><generator type="gdmmeta">gsmcreator</generator><indexed>yes</indexed><incalendar/><abstract> This paper explain how the Arusha Peace Negotiations, which ostensibly ended the ongoing conflict in Rwanda between an exiled Tutsi guerilla group (the Rwandese Patriotic Front) and the Hutu government of President Juvenal Habyarimana are a tragic example of a negotiated agreement failing miserably in its implementation. </abstract><lang>eng</lang><thumbnail src=""/><authors/><publicationdate year="--" month="--" day="--"/><categories><category>Dissertations</category></categories><entity/><includeforum value=""/><protected/></wx:metadata><ga:gdm><ga:metadata><identifier/><title> The Arusha Accords and the Failure of International Intervention in Rwanda</title><typeofmedia>Dissertation</typeofmedia><date>--</date><description>This paper explain how the Arusha Peace Negotiations, which ostensibly ended the ongoing conflict in Rwanda between an exiled Tutsi guerilla group (the Rwandese Patriotic Front) and the Hutu government of President Juvenal Habyarimana are a tragic example of a negotiated agreement failing miserably in its implementation.</description><topic/><creator>Joel Stettenheim</creator><language code="eng"/><owner>Paul Rukesha</owner><location>Genocide Archive Rwanda</location><antprofile>
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    </ga:page>
    <ga:page image="index.php?action=ajax&rs=GDMgetPage&rsargs[]=The Arusha Accords and the Failure of International Interve.pdf&rsargs[]=1" number="2" width="432" height="648">
      <ga:tpm t="32.35" b="42.35" l="48.00" r="62.20">214</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="240.49" r="262.97">looks</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="331.71" r="372.01">presented</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="48.01" r="70.68">when</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="48.02" r="82.99">strategic</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="353.11" r="372.03">arising</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="334.06" r="372.01">impotent</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="95.81" r="144.45">horrendous</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="146.60" r="181.05">violence</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="153.21" b="164.21" l="189.45" r="230.55">Timeline</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="48.00" r="68.71">1860</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="97.88" r="114.18">The</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="208.32" r="228.23">1860</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="228.23" r="233.58">–</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="199.71" b="210.21" l="48.02" r="68.73">1880</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="211.71" b="222.21" l="48.03" r="68.74">1899</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="211.71" b="222.21" l="168.42" r="178.08">its</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.71" b="222.21" l="180.23" r="213.35">colonial</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="48.05" r="68.76">1911</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="97.93" r="110.66">An</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="148.50" r="156.93">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="158.53" r="196.25">northern</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="197.86" r="231.87">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="233.47" r="240.03">is</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="241.64" r="280.98">repressed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="282.59" r="292.61">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="294.21" r="335.96">combined</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="337.57" r="372.08">German</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="97.95" r="113.77">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="115.87" r="152.66">Tutsi-led</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="154.77" r="192.13">southern</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="194.24" r="218.66">forces</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="258.29" r="301.47">significant</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="143.55" r="181.26">northern</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="259.72" b="270.22" l="178.60" r="208.47">control</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.72" b="270.22" l="210.61" r="214.46">(</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="259.72" b="270.22" l="279.98" r="288.28">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.72" b="270.22" l="290.74" r="323.10">Nations</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.72" b="270.22" l="325.24" r="361.45">mandate</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.72" b="270.22" l="361.45" r="367.83">).</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.72" b="282.22" l="48.08" r="72.95">1920s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.72" b="282.22" l="72.95" r="78.29">–</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.72" b="282.22" l="78.29" r="92.80">30s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.72" b="282.22" l="97.96" r="105.03">A</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.72" b="282.22" l="107.69" r="133.38">policy</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="271.72" b="282.22" l="146.42" r="150.97">“</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="271.72" b="282.22" l="203.44" r="208.01">”</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="271.72" b="282.22" l="260.16" r="273.29">the</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="283.72" b="294.22" l="139.53" r="161.16">Hutu</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.72" b="294.22" l="163.08" r="178.89">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.72" b="294.22" l="180.81" r="201.20">Tutsi</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.72" b="294.22" l="203.12" r="218.93">and</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="283.72" b="294.22" l="251.03" r="255.63">a</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="283.72" b="294.22" l="302.31" r="322.69">Tutsi</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="283.72" b="294.22" l="344.98" r="372.08">Ethnic</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="295.73" b="306.23" l="97.95" r="130.19">identity</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="295.73" b="306.23" l="171.42" r="217.31">introduced</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="307.73" b="318.23" l="48.07" r="68.78">1959</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="307.73" b="318.23" l="74.12" r="84.48">61</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="307.73" b="318.23" l="177.61" r="182.18">”</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="307.73" b="318.23" l="220.33" r="233.44">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="307.73" b="318.23" l="236.24" r="256.62">Tutsi</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="307.73" b="318.23" l="299.73" r="318.39">with</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="307.73" b="318.23" l="321.21" r="331.48">an</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="307.73" b="318.23" l="334.30" r="372.06">independent</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="319.73" b="330.23" l="119.04" r="140.68">Hutu</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="319.73" b="330.23" l="237.72" r="276.52">President</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="319.73" b="330.23" l="326.49" r="342.32">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="319.73" b="330.23" l="344.92" r="372.07">southern</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.73" b="342.23" l="114.17" r="135.79">Hutu</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.73" b="342.23" l="137.93" r="171.82">political</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="331.73" b="342.23" l="194.92" r="197.46">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="48.09" r="68.80">1973</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="98.07" r="105.14">A</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="129.49" r="139.51">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="141.37" r="171.71">Juvenal</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="232.35" r="268.36">transfers</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="270.22" r="296.16">power</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="298.02" r="306.48">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="308.34" r="346.06">northern</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="347.92" r="369.54">Hutu</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.73" b="354.23" l="369.54" r="372.08">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="48.08" r="72.95">1960s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="72.95" r="78.29">–</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="78.29" r="92.80">70s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="97.96" r="128.97">Attacks</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="131.20" r="147.02">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="149.25" r="192.19">repression</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="194.42" r="223.69">against</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="225.92" r="239.04">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="241.26" r="261.64">Tutsi</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="263.88" r="286.86">result</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="289.10" r="297.53">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="299.77" r="304.37">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="306.60" r="337.03">refugee</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.73" b="366.23" l="339.27" r="372.07">population</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.73" b="378.23" l="117.05" r="133.25">that</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.73" b="378.23" l="135.39" r="172.28">numbers</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.73" b="378.23" l="174.42" r="233.84">approximately</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.73" b="378.23" l="235.98" r="250.91">600</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.73" b="378.23" l="250.91" r="253.45">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.73" b="378.23" l="253.45" r="268.38">000</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.73" b="378.23" l="268.38" r="270.93">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="48.08" r="68.79">1990</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="98.06" r="114.05">Oct</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="114.03" r="116.61">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="118.21" r="128.57">10</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="128.57" r="131.14">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="133.27" r="149.58">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="151.72" r="193.77">Rwandese</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="195.91" r="231.48">Patriotic</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="233.62" r="256.35">Front</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="258.49" r="262.34">(</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="262.34" r="280.25">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="280.25" r="284.09">)</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="286.23" r="317.52">invades</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="319.67" r="353.67">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.74" b="390.24" l="353.67" r="356.21">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="48.09" r="68.80">1990</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="68.80" r="74.15">–</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="74.15" r="84.50">91</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="97.97" r="105.04">A</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="108.20" r="131.42">series</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="134.58" r="142.89">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="146.37" r="180.32">regional</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="183.48" r="226.08">mediation</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="229.24" r="255.88">efforts</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="259.04" r="271.72">are</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="274.88" r="323.01">undertaken</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="323.01" r="325.55">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="328.14" r="344.45">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.74" b="402.24" l="347.61" r="372.10">Communauté</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.74" b="414.24" l="137.19" r="190.08">Economique</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.74" b="414.24" l="192.47" r="202.44">de</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="403.74" b="414.24" l="241.85" r="268.75">Grand</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.74" b="414.24" l="271.15" r="289.67">Lacs</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.74" b="414.24" l="292.06" r="295.91">(</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.74" b="414.24" l="295.91" r="320.10">CEPL</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.74" b="414.24" l="320.10" r="323.94">)</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.74" b="414.24" l="326.33" r="348.05">hosts</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="118.60" r="134.81">that</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="137.29" r="167.87">include</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="170.35" r="183.46">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="185.94" r="240.26">participation</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="242.73" r="251.04">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="253.83" r="275.66">Zaire</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="275.66" r="278.20">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="280.12" r="312.38">Uganda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="312.38" r="314.92">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="316.85" r="351.81">Burundi</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="351.81" r="354.35">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.74" b="426.24" l="356.27" r="372.08">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="427.74" b="438.24" l="97.96" r="135.31">Tanzania</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="427.74" b="438.24" l="135.31" r="137.85">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="48.08" r="68.79">1991</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="97.96" r="113.71">Feb</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="113.37" r="115.95">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="117.65" r="128.00">19</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="128.00" r="130.57">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="132.82" r="149.12">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="151.35" r="212.96">Dar-es-Salaam</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="215.20" r="264.01">Declaration</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="266.24" r="304.38">produces</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="306.63" r="311.22">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="313.47" r="343.90">refugee</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="439.74" b="450.24" l="346.14" r="372.08">agreement</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="121.17" r="137.37">that</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="139.14" r="145.69">is</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="147.47" r="165.67">later</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="167.45" r="186.93">used</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="188.70" r="197.12">as</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="198.90" r="212.01">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="213.78" r="234.19">basis</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="235.96" r="247.93">for</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="249.71" r="262.82">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="264.18" r="294.66">Arusha</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="296.43" r="326.86">refugee</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="328.63" r="348.29">talks</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="348.29" r="350.83">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="352.03" r="370.23">Mar</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="451.74" b="462.24" l="369.50" r="372.07">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="97.95" r="108.30">29</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="108.30" r="110.87">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="112.54" r="128.84">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="130.51" r="138.18">N</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="138.13" r="140.69">’</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="140.69" r="157.12">Sele</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="158.79" r="200.51">Cease-fire</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="200.51" r="203.05">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="204.17" r="241.24">although</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="242.91" r="288.46">short-lived</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="288.46" r="291.00">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="292.11" r="327.41">formally</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="329.09" r="357.31">creates</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="463.75" b="474.25" l="358.98" r="372.11">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="97.97" r="129.46">Neutral</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="131.40" r="165.54">Military</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="167.48" r="205.91">Observer</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="207.85" r="234.99">Group</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="236.94" r="240.78">(</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="240.78" r="272.77">NMOG</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="272.77" r="279.16">).</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="280.53" r="299.71">Sept</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="299.71" r="302.28">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="303.69" r="314.04">16</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="314.04" r="316.61">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="318.54" r="334.84">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="475.75" b="486.25" l="336.78" r="372.11">Gabolite</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="97.98" r="139.71">Cease-fire</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="142.59" r="174.28">deploys</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="177.16" r="190.29">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="193.17" r="225.17">NMOG</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="225.17" r="227.71">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="230.04" r="239.15">In</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="242.03" r="277.31">addition</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="277.31" r="279.85">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="282.18" r="295.30">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="298.17" r="328.05">control</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="330.92" r="339.24">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="487.75" b="498.25" l="342.44" r="372.12">mediation</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="116.67" r="151.58">switches</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="153.30" r="173.94">from</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="175.66" r="197.49">Zaire</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="199.21" r="207.66">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="209.40" r="246.73">Tanzania</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="246.73" r="249.27">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="250.44" r="286.46">October</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="286.74" r="289.31">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="291.04" r="308.88">Low</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="310.61" r="346.56">intensity</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="499.75" b="510.25" l="348.28" r="372.09">traditional</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="123.68" r="159.16">guerrilla</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="160.74" r="191.92">warfare</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="193.50" r="203.49">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="205.07" r="218.17">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="219.75" r="242.70">Force</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="243.87" r="276.13">Armées</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="277.71" r="326.53">Rwandaises</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="328.11" r="331.95">(</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="331.95" r="350.10">FAR</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="350.10" r="353.94">)</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="511.75" b="522.25" l="355.51" r="372.09">sees</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="97.97" r="122.31">initial</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="124.45" r="154.56">success</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="156.71" r="172.53">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="174.67" r="181.22">is</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="183.37" r="218.90">followed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="221.04" r="231.05">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="233.19" r="237.79">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="239.93" r="284.66">resurgence</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="286.80" r="295.10">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="297.56" r="310.68">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="312.82" r="330.73">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="523.75" b="534.25" l="329.58" r="332.12">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="48.08" r="68.79">1992</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="97.96" r="116.71">May</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="119.26" r="124.44">8</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="124.44" r="127.01">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="129.67" r="137.30">U</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="136.52" r="139.06">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="139.06" r="144.06">S</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="144.06" r="146.61">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="148.32" r="185.81">Assistant</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="188.48" r="227.43">Secretary</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="230.09" r="238.40">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="241.37" r="261.36">State</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="264.02" r="276.00">for</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="278.27" r="304.14">Africa</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="306.79" r="341.67">Herman</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="535.76" b="546.26" l="344.34" r="372.12">Cohen</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="97.99" r="122.36">meets</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="123.98" r="142.63">with</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="144.24" r="157.36">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="158.97" r="176.89">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="178.50" r="194.31">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="195.37" r="223.48">Yoweri</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="225.09" r="265.13">Museveni</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="266.75" r="275.17">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="276.78" r="313.91">Kampala</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="313.90" r="316.44">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="317.50" r="349.76">Uganda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="349.76" r="352.30">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="547.76" b="558.26" l="353.35" r="372.10">May</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="97.97" r="108.32">10</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="108.32" r="110.90">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="115.37" r="143.16">Cohen</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="147.63" r="171.98">meets</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="176.46" r="195.12">with</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="199.59" r="256.50">Habyarimana</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="260.97" r="276.80">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="281.27" r="326.31">opposition</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="330.79" r="369.53">members</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="559.76" b="570.26" l="369.54" r="372.08">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="571.76" b="582.26" l="97.95" r="123.26">Prime</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="571.76" b="582.26" l="128.27" r="163.62">Minister</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="571.76" b="582.26" l="168.62" r="232.59">Nsengiyaremye</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="571.76" b="582.26" l="237.60" r="253.40">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="571.76" b="582.26" l="258.41" r="290.45">Foreign</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="571.76" b="582.26" l="295.45" r="330.82">Minister</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="571.76" b="582.26" l="335.83" r="372.09">Boniface</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="97.96" r="142.77">Ngulinzira</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="142.76" r="145.30">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="146.47" r="154.89">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="156.59" r="181.12">Kigali</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="181.12" r="183.66">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="184.80" r="218.79">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="218.79" r="221.33">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="222.49" r="241.23">May</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="242.87" r="253.22">24</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="253.22" r="255.80">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="257.49" r="272.52">PM</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="274.22" r="338.20">Nsengiyaremye</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="339.90" r="355.71">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="583.76" b="594.26" l="357.41" r="372.07">FM</ga:tpm>
    </ga:page>
    <ga:page image="index.php?action=ajax&rs=GDMgetPage&rsargs[]=The Arusha Accords and the Failure of International Interve.pdf&rsargs[]=2" number="3" width="432" height="648">
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="171.83" r="197.38">Arusha</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="199.04" r="225.79">Accords</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="227.60" r="241.13">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="242.97" r="272.15">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="32.35" b="42.35" l="369.80" r="384.00">215</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="109.87" r="154.68">Ngulinzira</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="157.54" r="178.08">meet</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="180.93" r="189.37">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="192.22" r="229.38">Kampala</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="232.24" r="250.91">with</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="253.76" r="266.90">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="269.75" r="287.67">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="290.52" r="299.00">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="301.85" r="332.66">explore</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="335.51" r="358.96">peace</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="361.82" r="381.48">talks</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="381.48" r="384.02">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="109.89" r="129.60">June</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="132.05" r="137.22">6</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="137.22" r="139.79">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="142.35" r="158.64">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="161.19" r="179.11">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="181.66" r="197.47">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="200.02" r="213.14">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="215.69" r="255.37">Rwandan</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="257.92" r="310.59">Government</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="313.14" r="332.08">hold</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="334.63" r="384.01">preliminary</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="109.88" r="129.56">talks</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="131.96" r="140.39">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="142.80" r="163.39">Paris</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="163.39" r="165.93">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="167.78" r="187.48">June</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="189.79" r="200.14">20</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="200.14" r="202.71">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="205.12" r="257.79">Government</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="260.20" r="268.50">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="271.23" r="299.34">France</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="298.75" r="301.32">’</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="300.32" r="304.16">s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="306.57" r="341.74">Director</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="344.15" r="356.13">for</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="358.13" r="384.01">Africa</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="109.88" r="125.70">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="128.68" r="166.13">Maghreb</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="168.69" r="196.62">Affairs</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="199.58" r="229.00">Dijoud</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="231.97" r="247.78">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="250.35" r="287.84">Assistant</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="290.81" r="329.78">Secretary</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="332.74" r="360.54">Cohen</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="363.50" r="384.01">meet</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="109.88" r="128.54">with</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="130.90" r="168.85">Ugandan</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="171.21" r="203.27">Foreign</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="205.63" r="240.99">Minister</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="243.36" r="296.30">Ssemmogere</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="298.66" r="314.47">and</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="463.76" b="474.26" l="354.30" r="364.65">28</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="475.76" b="486.26" l="129.94" r="162.02">soldiers</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="511.77" b="522.27" l="371.42" r="383.98">are</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="535.77" b="546.27" l="109.84" r="134.86">leader</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="535.77" b="546.27" l="243.80" r="274.67">reprisal</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="547.77" b="558.27" l="176.41" r="193.09">Apr</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="547.77" b="558.27" l="345.56" r="383.92">President</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="571.77" b="582.27" l="318.37" r="353.35">Minister</ga:tpm>
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    <ga:page image="index.php?action=ajax&rs=GDMgetPage&rsargs[]=The Arusha Accords and the Failure of International Interve.pdf&rsargs[]=3" number="4" width="432" height="648">
      <ga:tpm t="32.35" b="42.35" l="48.00" r="62.20">216</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="97.87" r="124.95">signed</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="181.50" r="184.04">.</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="266.83" r="276.37">its</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="278.38" r="302.51">forces</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="302.46" r="305.00">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="306.43" r="323.11">Apr</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="322.32" r="324.89">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="326.34" r="331.52">8</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="336.03" r="352.22">The</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="97.89" r="126.52">renews</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="128.36" r="137.91">its</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="139.74" r="171.66">fighting</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="171.68" r="174.23">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="175.48" r="192.15">Apr</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="195.22" r="205.53">21</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="226.74" r="260.78">Security</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="297.30" r="338.88">resolution</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="340.71" r="372.00">reduces</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="97.91" r="138.89">UNAMIR</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="164.57" r="169.54">2</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="172.00" r="186.85">500</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="189.46" r="197.77">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="200.38" r="215.23">270</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="257.89" r="272.73">917</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="280.85" r="297.53">Apr</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="296.74" r="299.31">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="301.34" r="311.65">30</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="311.61" r="314.18">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="316.76" r="327.44">By</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="363.79" r="372.04">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="97.91" r="119.20">April</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="121.66" r="129.13">at</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="131.60" r="149.92">least</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="152.39" r="167.23">100</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="167.19" r="169.73">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="169.69" r="184.54">000</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="187.00" r="214.36">people</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="216.82" r="235.55">have</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="238.01" r="257.89">been</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="260.36" r="283.54">killed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="283.49" r="286.03">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="287.92" r="303.64">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="306.11" r="311.08">1</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="311.04" r="313.58">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="313.54" r="318.52">3</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="320.98" r="350.85">million</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="353.31" r="372.04">have</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="97.90" r="130.16">become</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="132.38" r="166.25">refugees</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="166.19" r="168.73">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="170.37" r="187.27">July</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="189.41" r="199.72">18</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="199.68" r="202.25">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="204.40" r="220.58">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="222.81" r="240.64">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="242.86" r="275.83">declares</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="278.06" r="294.08">that</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="296.31" r="309.31">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="311.55" r="326.78">war</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="329.02" r="335.50">is</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="358.66" r="372.01">Almost</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="121.95" r="137.19">one</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="140.55" r="170.47">million</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="173.83" r="201.28">people</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="204.64" r="223.37">have</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="226.73" r="241.46">lost</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="244.82" r="264.25">their</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="267.61" r="285.53">lives</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="285.48" r="288.02">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="290.81" r="306.52">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="309.88" r="318.23">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="321.59" r="355.69">October</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="359.05" r="372.04">the</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="128.30" r="160.32">Nations</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="162.53" r="200.60">estimates</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="202.80" r="215.79">the</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="236.72" r="270.08">through</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="272.27" r="295.12">death</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="297.32" r="313.03">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="315.22" r="369.53">displacement</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="369.47" r="372.01">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="97.88" r="111.69">has</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="113.35" r="146.44">reduced</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="148.10" r="161.10">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="162.76" r="207.99">population</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="209.65" r="217.89">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="219.84" r="253.60">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="255.25" r="275.71">from</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="277.37" r="282.34">7</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="284.80" r="289.77">9</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="291.43" r="321.30">million</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="322.96" r="331.34">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="333.00" r="337.97">5</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="339.63" r="369.54">million</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="369.49" r="372.04">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="165.21" b="176.21" l="181.70" r="238.29">Background</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="48.00" r="72.44">Three</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="75.31" r="113.05">principal</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="115.91" r="162.46">interwoven</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="165.33" r="193.38">factors</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="196.25" r="228.24">allowed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="231.11" r="235.71">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="238.57" r="260.87">small</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="263.73" r="288.67">group</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="291.54" r="299.84">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="303.02" r="336.90">political</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="339.76" r="360.71">elites</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="363.58" r="372.00">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.71" b="210.21" l="48.00" r="69.50">April</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.71" b="210.21" l="73.58" r="93.46">1994</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.71" b="210.21" l="97.54" r="105.98">to</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="379.73" b="390.23" l="262.22" r="294.10">identity</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="171.83" r="197.38">Arusha</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="199.04" r="225.79">Accords</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="227.60" r="241.13">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="242.97" r="272.15">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="32.35" b="42.35" l="369.80" r="384.00">217</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="60.00" r="87.42">square</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="89.61" r="133.58">kilometers</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="133.58" r="136.12">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="137.77" r="171.76">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="173.97" r="189.60">had</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="191.81" r="196.41">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="198.61" r="244.34">population</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="246.54" r="254.84">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="257.37" r="262.35">7</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="262.35" r="264.89">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="264.89" r="274.84">15</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="277.03" r="307.27">million</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="309.47" r="337.23">people</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="339.43" r="355.24">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="357.44" r="367.72">an</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="369.93" r="384.01">annual</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="81.91" r="111.94">growth</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="115.61" r="131.37">rate</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="135.03" r="143.34">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="147.33" r="152.31">3</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="152.31" r="154.85">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="154.85" r="159.82">1</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="163.49" r="194.45">percent</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="198.12" r="201.96">(</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="201.96" r="221.85">1991</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="225.51" r="253.02">census</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="253.02" r="259.41">).</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="262.11" r="283.09">With</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="286.76" r="299.88">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="303.55" r="337.69">national</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="341.36" r="364.49">parks</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="368.15" r="383.98">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="59.98" r="87.03">forests</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="89.80" r="126.81">excluded</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="126.80" r="129.34">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="131.56" r="144.67">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="147.44" r="178.48">average</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="181.25" r="236.04">pre-genocide</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="238.82" r="284.54">population</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="287.31" r="317.61">density</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="320.38" r="335.77">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="338.54" r="353.47">405</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="356.25" r="384.00">people</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="60.00" r="73.84">per</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="75.91" r="103.33">square</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="105.40" r="145.60">kilometer</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="144.99" r="147.53">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="149.04" r="162.15">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="164.22" r="194.39">highest</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="196.46" r="204.89">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="206.56" r="232.43">Africa</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="232.42" r="234.96">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="236.48" r="252.79">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="254.86" r="292.56">northern</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="294.63" r="338.06">Rhuengeri</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="340.13" r="366.89">region</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="366.89" r="369.43">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="370.94" r="384.05">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="60.05" r="80.91">most</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="82.73" r="124.62">populated</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="124.62" r="127.16">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="128.43" r="144.05">had</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="145.88" r="160.81">820</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="162.64" r="190.39">people</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="192.23" r="206.07">per</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="207.89" r="235.32">square</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="237.15" r="277.35">kilometer</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="279.19" r="287.49">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="289.65" r="334.73">productive</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="336.56" r="354.92">land</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="354.92" r="357.46">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.92" b="111.27" l="357.41" r="360.89">2</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.71" b="114.21" l="362.73" r="384.00">Most</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="60.00" r="87.76">people</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="90.50" r="109.91">were</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="112.65" r="132.90">poor</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="135.64" r="182.55">subsistence</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="185.29" r="217.32">farmers</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="217.33" r="219.87">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="222.05" r="231.18">In</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="233.92" r="253.81">1984</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="253.81" r="256.35">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="258.52" r="268.47">57</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="271.21" r="302.20">percent</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="304.94" r="313.25">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="316.32" r="329.44">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="332.19" r="352.86">rural</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.71" b="126.21" l="355.60" r="384.03">households</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="84.87" r="114.96">farmed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="117.05" r="131.70">less</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="133.79" r="152.74">than</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="154.83" r="170.20">one</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="172.29" r="202.68">hectare</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="204.77" r="220.58">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="222.67" r="232.62">25</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="234.71" r="265.69">percent</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="267.78" r="283.41">had</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="285.50" r="310.90">access</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="312.99" r="321.44">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="323.53" r="338.18">less</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="340.27" r="359.23">than</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="361.32" r="377.04">half</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.71" b="138.21" l="379.46" r="384.06">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="60.06" r="90.45">hectare</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="92.60" r="101.04">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="103.18" r="135.87">support</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="138.01" r="142.61">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="144.75" r="171.05">family</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="173.19" r="181.50">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="183.96" r="198.59">five</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="198.54" r="201.08">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.92" b="147.27" l="201.01" r="204.49">3</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="70.00" r="104.00">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="103.15" r="105.71">’</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="104.71" r="108.56">s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="111.27" r="149.35">economy</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="152.06" r="167.46">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="170.17" r="202.93">severely</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="205.64" r="235.89">injured</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="238.60" r="248.62">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="251.32" r="264.44">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="267.15" r="300.42">collapse</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="303.13" r="311.44">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="314.46" r="327.58">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="330.28" r="384.01">international</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="60.01" r="84.44">coffee</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="87.51" r="116.97">market</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="120.05" r="128.47">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="131.55" r="144.67">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="147.74" r="171.48">1980s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="174.56" r="190.37">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="193.46" r="203.47">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="206.55" r="224.13">civil</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="227.21" r="242.58">war</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="245.65" r="249.50">(</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="249.50" r="269.38">1990</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="269.38" r="274.73">–</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="274.73" r="284.67">93</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="284.67" r="291.06">).</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="293.54" r="309.85">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="312.94" r="328.30">war</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="328.13" r="330.69">’</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="329.69" r="333.53">s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="336.61" r="365.55">impact</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="368.63" r="384.02">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="60.04" r="93.98">fourfold</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="93.98" r="96.52">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="97.80" r="102.78">1</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="102.78" r="106.62">)</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="108.15" r="121.25">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="122.77" r="162.62">internally</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="164.14" r="203.27">displaced</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="204.79" r="232.53">people</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="234.05" r="258.97">posed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="260.49" r="265.09">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="266.61" r="282.23">loss</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="283.75" r="292.20">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="293.72" r="318.16">coffee</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="319.68" r="366.70">production</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="368.22" r="384.02">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="60.02" r="70.30">an</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="73.97" r="113.35">increased</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="117.02" r="151.30">demand</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="154.97" r="165.95">on</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="169.61" r="219.69">government</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="223.35" r="262.49">resources</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="262.49" r="265.03">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="268.13" r="273.11">2</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="273.11" r="276.95">)</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="280.62" r="293.72">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="297.39" r="324.14">region</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="327.81" r="370.35">controlled</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.71" b="198.21" l="374.02" r="384.02">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="60.02" r="84.31">rebels</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="86.06" r="99.10">cut</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="100.85" r="112.18">off</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="114.26" r="118.86">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="120.61" r="142.13">main</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="143.89" r="171.38">export</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="173.13" r="194.96">route</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="194.96" r="197.50">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="198.69" r="203.66">3</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="203.66" r="207.51">)</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="209.26" r="222.37">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="224.12" r="255.50">nascent</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="257.26" r="284.80">tourist</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="286.55" r="322.06">industry</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="323.82" r="339.20">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="340.95" r="381.50">destroyed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="199.72" b="210.22" l="381.50" r="384.04">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="60.05" r="75.86">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="77.96" r="82.94">4</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="82.94" r="86.78">)</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="88.88" r="101.99">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="104.09" r="154.18">government</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="153.86" r="156.43">’</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="155.43" r="159.27">s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="161.37" r="194.87">military</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="196.97" r="235.18">spending</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="237.28" r="280.35">consumed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="282.45" r="325.63">significant</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="327.73" r="366.88">resources</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="366.88" r="369.42">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.92" b="219.27" l="369.36" r="372.84">4</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="487.71" b="498.21" l="60.98" r="102.22">particular</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="499.71" b="510.21" l="207.46" r="240.12">original</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="523.71" b="534.21" l="226.88" r="246.78">1973</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="103.71" b="114.21" l="250.39" r="298.74">represented</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="103.71" b="114.21" l="341.65" r="363.28">Hutu</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="199.71" b="210.21" l="298.16" r="341.34">significant</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="174.29" r="194.18">1990</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="264.26" r="284.90">from</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="286.81" r="299.94">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="301.85" r="332.68">bottom</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="334.59" r="343.04">to</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="211.72" b="222.22" l="360.00" r="373.80">top</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="67.60" r="81.45">per</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="84.43" r="109.37">capita</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="136.17" r="168.96">ranking</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="171.94" r="180.25">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="183.54" r="217.49">regional</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="220.47" r="259.27">countries</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="259.27" r="261.81">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="264.23" r="294.60">During</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="297.58" r="310.70">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="313.68" r="337.42">1980s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="337.40" r="339.94">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="342.36" r="355.47">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="223.72" b="234.22" l="358.04" r="384.03">World</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="60.03" r="81.77">Bank</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="83.52" r="128.94">considered</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="130.70" r="164.70">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="166.45" r="171.05">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="172.80" r="202.79">relative</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="204.54" r="234.65">success</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="234.65" r="237.19">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="238.37" r="247.49">In</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="249.24" r="269.14">1987</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="282.26" r="300.68">debt</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="302.44" r="317.83">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="319.58" r="329.54">28</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="331.29" r="362.25">percent</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="364.01" r="372.31">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.72" b="246.22" l="374.38" r="384.03">its</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="60.04" r="80.87">GNP</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="79.48" r="82.02">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="82.96" r="98.34">one</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="99.85" r="108.15">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="109.99" r="123.11">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="124.62" r="150.65">lowest</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="152.16" r="171.74">rates</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="173.25" r="181.69">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="182.81" r="208.68">Africa</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.72" b="258.22" l="208.67" r="211.21">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.92" b="255.27" l="211.18" r="218.15">28</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="219.27" r="258.74">Although</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="260.25" r="294.26">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="356.98" r="384.00">record</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="60.01" r="75.40">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="76.98" r="92.19">still</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="93.77" r="143.86">problematic</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="143.87" r="146.41">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="147.44" r="160.55">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="162.14" r="198.71">situation</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="217.27" r="262.70">considered</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="264.28" r="272.75">to</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="285.88" r="329.49">improving</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="329.56" r="332.10">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="333.13" r="360.01">Before</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="361.60" r="381.48">1990</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="381.48" r="384.03">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="60.01" r="71.04">no</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="73.84" r="98.56">major</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="101.37" r="127.30">ethnic</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="130.10" r="164.56">violence</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="167.37" r="182.98">had</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="185.79" r="223.41">occurred</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="226.21" r="254.33">during</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="257.13" r="314.03">Habyarimana</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="313.18" r="315.74">’</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="314.75" r="318.59">s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="321.39" r="350.16">regime</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="350.16" r="352.70">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="354.94" r="370.75">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="370.75" r="373.29">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="375.53" r="383.99">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="60.00" r="82.13">some</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="84.27" r="109.65">extent</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="109.65" r="112.19">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="113.77" r="123.70">he</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="125.84" r="141.23">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="143.38" r="174.42">favored</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="176.57" r="186.57">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="188.71" r="201.83">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="203.97" r="236.40">internal</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="238.54" r="258.92">Tutsi</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.71" b="294.21" l="258.92" r="261.46">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="283.92" b="291.27" l="261.47" r="268.42">29</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="311.71" b="322.21" l="70.00" r="89.28">Civil</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="311.71" b="322.21" l="91.21" r="108.41">War</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="311.71" b="322.21" l="110.55" r="126.31">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="311.71" b="322.21" l="128.45" r="172.70">Multiparty</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="311.71" b="322.21" l="174.84" r="203.45">Politics</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="171.83" r="197.38">Arusha</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="199.04" r="225.79">Accords</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="227.60" r="241.13">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="33.35" b="42.35" l="242.97" r="272.15">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="32.35" b="42.35" l="369.80" r="384.00">221</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="69.95" r="86.24">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="88.36" r="108.53">early</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="110.66" r="134.39">1990s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="136.51" r="171.81">involved</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="173.93" r="226.34">considerable</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="228.47" r="257.72">change</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="259.84" r="271.82">for</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="273.94" r="307.94">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="307.94" r="310.48">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="312.06" r="330.82">First</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="330.82" r="333.36">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="334.91" r="348.03">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="350.15" r="368.06">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="370.18" r="383.96">began</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="77.89" r="87.54">its</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="90.36" r="125.84">guerrilla</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="128.66" r="144.04">war</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="143.31" r="145.85">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="148.11" r="178.48">Second</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="178.48" r="181.02">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="183.27" r="191.70">as</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="194.52" r="239.76">mentioned</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="242.59" r="268.96">earlier</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="268.36" r="270.90">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="273.15" r="286.27">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="289.09" r="329.73">economic</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="332.55" r="354.10">crisis</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="343.71" b="354.21" l="356.92" r="383.95">placed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="59.95" r="112.37">considerable</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="114.12" r="138.09">strain</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="139.85" r="150.81">on</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="152.56" r="165.68">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="167.43" r="217.50">government</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="217.51" r="220.06">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="221.24" r="245.15">Third</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="245.15" r="247.69">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="248.88" r="273.83">under</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="275.58" r="308.01">internal</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="309.77" r="325.58">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="327.33" r="361.00">external</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="355.72" b="366.22" l="362.75" r="383.94">pressure</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="77.38" r="79.92">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="81.51" r="138.41">Habyarimana</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="137.57" r="140.13">’</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="139.13" r="142.98">s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="145.12" r="173.88">regime</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="176.02" r="201.05">began</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="203.19" r="246.37">instituting</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="248.51" r="293.20">multiparty</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="295.34" r="325.76">politics</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="367.72" b="378.22" l="325.77" r="328.31">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="69.93" r="83.27">On</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="85.25" r="119.65">October</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="121.63" r="126.61">1</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="126.61" r="129.15">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="130.54" r="150.43">1990</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="150.43" r="152.97">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="154.37" r="167.48">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="169.46" r="187.37">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="189.34" r="222.42">invaded</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="224.39" r="262.10">northern</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="264.07" r="298.06">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="298.06" r="300.60">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="301.61" r="323.03">After</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="325.00" r="349.33">initial</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="351.30" r="381.40">success</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="379.72" b="390.22" l="381.41" r="383.95">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="59.95" r="77.92">they</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="80.06" r="99.47">were</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="101.62" r="131.99">pushed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="134.13" r="153.78">back</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="155.92" r="172.53">into</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="174.67" r="206.93">Uganda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="209.07" r="219.10">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="221.24" r="234.35">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="236.49" r="297.62">internationally</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="299.76" r="342.41">reinforced</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="344.55" r="367.51">Force</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="391.72" b="402.22" l="369.25" r="383.93">Armées</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="83.05" r="131.88">Rwandaises</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="133.74" r="137.58">(</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="137.58" r="155.74">FAR</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="155.74" r="162.13">).</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="163.42" r="184.14">Over</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="185.99" r="199.11">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="200.97" r="219.11">next</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="220.97" r="235.26">few</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="237.13" r="258.37">years</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="258.38" r="260.92">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="262.22" r="275.35">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="277.21" r="309.46">fighting</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="311.32" r="338.55">settled</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="340.41" r="357.02">into</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="358.88" r="363.48">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="403.72" b="414.22" l="365.33" r="383.89">lowlevel</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.72" b="426.22" l="81.90" r="117.38">guerrilla</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.72" b="426.22" l="120.73" r="136.11">war</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.72" b="426.22" l="135.39" r="137.94">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="415.72" b="426.22" l="140.73" r="192.29">Significantly</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="169.54" r="185.35">and</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="189.28" r="205.54">first</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="207.51" r="236.29">weakly</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="238.25" r="246.68">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="248.64" r="268.53">1990</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="270.50" r="286.29">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="288.25" r="307.00">then</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="308.97" r="330.81">more</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="55.71" b="66.21" l="332.77" r="372.03">forcefully</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="48.02" r="56.45">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="60.56" r="80.45">1992</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="80.45" r="82.99">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="86.52" r="143.42">Habyarimana</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="142.58" r="145.15">’</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="144.15" r="147.99">s</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="152.10" r="180.88">regime</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="184.98" r="224.76">instituted</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="228.86" r="262.76">political</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="266.86" r="299.33">reforms</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="299.34" r="301.88">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="305.43" r="340.70">Initiated</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="344.80" r="354.82">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="67.71" b="78.21" l="358.93" r="372.04">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="48.04" r="76.79">French</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="114.19" r="143.84">attaché</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="143.84" r="146.39">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="147.77" r="156.53">Lt</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="156.53" r="159.07">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="160.46" r="175.25">Col</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="175.24" r="177.78">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="179.19" r="209.25">Galinie</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="209.25" r="211.79">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="213.18" r="228.99">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="230.94" r="249.69">then</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="251.65" r="285.53">adopted</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="287.48" r="297.49">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="299.44" r="309.33">all</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="311.29" r="336.84">donor</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="338.80" r="369.50">nations</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="79.71" b="90.21" l="369.51" r="372.05">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="48.05" r="116.44">democratization</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="119.07" r="134.47">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="137.10" r="155.53">seen</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="158.17" r="166.61">as</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="169.25" r="173.85">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="176.50" r="216.76">necessary</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="219.40" r="271.18">complement</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="273.81" r="282.28">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="284.92" r="298.05">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="300.69" r="334.81">ongoing</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="91.71" b="102.21" l="337.44" r="372.06">negotiations</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="71.00" r="89.66">with</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="91.89" r="105.02">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="107.24" r="125.15">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="124.01" r="126.55">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="128.22" r="137.34">In</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="139.57" r="166.66">March</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="168.89" r="177.21">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="179.75" r="199.64">1991</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="199.64" r="202.18">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="203.84" r="216.96">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="219.18" r="242.48">MDR</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="244.71" r="260.11">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="262.34" r="300.31">launched</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="302.54" r="318.38">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="320.60" r="360.26">identified</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="103.72" b="114.22" l="362.49" r="372.12">itself</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="64.24" r="72.66">as</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="74.70" r="87.82">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="89.86" r="129.16">successor</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="131.20" r="139.66">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="141.70" r="186.46">Kayibanda</ga:tpm>
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      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="216.36" r="219.79">/</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="219.79" r="282.86">PARMEHUTU</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="284.91" r="307.44">party</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="306.49" r="309.03">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="310.51" r="319.62">In</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="321.66" r="356.94">addition</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="115.72" b="126.22" l="358.98" r="372.08">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="48.08" r="66.42">PSD</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="65.83" r="68.37">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="69.66" r="94.84">which</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="96.69" r="129.29">enjoyed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="131.15" r="176.32">principally</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="178.18" r="215.52">southern</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="217.37" r="250.03">support</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="250.04" r="252.58">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="253.87" r="269.69">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="271.55" r="284.66">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="286.51" r="297.95">PL</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="297.95" r="300.49">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="301.79" r="328.07">whose</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="329.91" r="348.23">base</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="127.72" b="138.22" l="350.07" r="372.07">came</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="48.07" r="87.47">primarily</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="89.86" r="110.50">from</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="112.89" r="126.00">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="128.40" r="155.97">capital</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="155.96" r="158.50">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="160.35" r="179.76">were</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="182.16" r="212.81">formed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.72" b="150.22" l="212.81" r="215.35">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.92" b="147.27" l="215.25" r="222.22">32</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="224.60" r="251.02">Under</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="253.41" r="282.90">intense</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="285.29" r="317.72">internal</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="320.12" r="335.93">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="139.71" b="150.21" l="338.33" r="371.99">external</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="47.99" r="82.80">pressure</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="82.80" r="85.34">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="86.63" r="143.53">Habyarimana</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="145.39" r="176.05">formed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="177.90" r="182.49">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="184.34" r="201.41">new</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="203.25" r="251.23">transitional</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="253.08" r="303.16">government</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="305.01" r="315.98">on</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="317.44" r="338.95">April</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="340.79" r="345.77">6</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="345.77" r="348.31">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="349.59" r="369.48">1992</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="151.71" b="162.21" l="369.48" r="372.02">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="48.00" r="64.20">that</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="66.07" r="102.25">included</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="104.13" r="114.02">all</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="115.89" r="129.01">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="130.88" r="155.58">major</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="157.45" r="202.50">opposition</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="204.37" r="232.91">parties</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="232.91" r="235.45">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="236.76" r="253.06">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="254.92" r="305.00">government</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="306.87" r="322.26">was</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="324.13" r="336.73">led</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="338.60" r="348.62">by</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="163.71" b="174.21" l="350.50" r="371.99">Habyarimana</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="87.45" r="89.99">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="91.17" r="99.59">as</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="101.31" r="139.90">president</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="139.90" r="142.44">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="143.60" r="159.42">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="161.16" r="192.26">Dismas</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="193.98" r="257.96">Nsengiyaremye</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="257.96" r="260.50">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="261.67" r="271.93">an</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="273.66" r="296.95">MDR</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="298.67" r="333.67">member</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="333.07" r="335.61">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="336.76" r="345.19">as</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="175.71" b="186.21" l="346.91" r="372.01">prime</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.72" b="198.22" l="48.01" r="82.72">minister</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="187.72" b="198.22" l="82.01" r="84.55">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="213.21" b="224.21" l="103.25" r="128.56">Form</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="213.21" b="224.21" l="130.72" r="148.14">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="213.21" b="224.21" l="150.30" r="185.51">Specific</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="213.21" b="224.21" l="187.66" r="245.11">Mechanisms</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="213.21" b="224.21" l="247.26" r="256.51">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="213.21" b="224.21" l="258.99" r="316.78">Intervention</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="48.00" r="66.44">This</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="68.38" r="98.21">section</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="100.15" r="108.45">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="110.72" r="123.83">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="125.77" r="156.93">chapter</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="158.87" r="193.07">presents</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="195.01" r="208.12">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="209.66" r="240.13">Arusha</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="242.07" r="265.30">Peace</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="266.83" r="300.57">Accords</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="302.51" r="318.71">that</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="320.65" r="340.08">were</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="235.71" b="246.21" l="342.02" r="372.01">negotiated</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="67.95" r="102.49">between</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="104.94" r="118.05">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="120.49" r="138.40">RPF</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="140.85" r="156.66">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="159.11" r="172.23">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="174.67" r="224.76">government</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="227.20" r="235.51">of</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="238.26" r="272.26">Rwanda</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="274.71" r="278.55">(</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="278.55" r="297.93">GoR</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="297.93" r="304.32">).</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="306.19" r="322.49">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="324.54" r="355.01">Arusha</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="247.71" b="258.21" l="357.06" r="372.00">Accords</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="73.64" r="86.32">are</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="89.25" r="106.18">best</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="109.11" r="145.79">analyzed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="148.72" r="157.15">in</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="160.08" r="164.68">a</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="167.61" r="205.22">tripartite</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="208.15" r="240.79">manner</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="241.04" r="243.58">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="246.28" r="259.40">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="262.33" r="327.22">pre-negotiation</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="330.15" r="353.99">phase</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="353.99" r="356.53">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="259.71" b="270.21" l="358.90" r="372.02">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="48.02" r="67.69">talks</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="69.83" r="114.97">themselves</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="114.97" r="117.51">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="119.08" r="134.91">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="137.05" r="162.86">finally</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="165.00" r="178.12">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="180.26" r="203.27">failed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="205.42" r="271.70">implementation</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.71" b="282.21" l="271.70" r="274.24">.</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="271.92" b="279.27" l="274.21" r="281.18">33</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="301.71" b="312.21" l="48.00" r="118.47">Pre-Negotiation</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="301.71" b="312.21" l="118.47" r="121.04">:</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="301.71" b="312.21" l="122.96" r="161.87">Regional</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="301.71" b="312.21" l="163.93" r="194.11">Efforts</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="301.71" b="312.21" l="194.10" r="196.67">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="301.71" b="312.21" l="198.28" r="225.16">Failed</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="301.71" b="312.21" l="227.21" r="275.06">Cease-fires</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="301.71" b="312.21" l="275.05" r="277.62">,</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="313.71" b="324.21" l="48.03" r="64.68">and</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="313.71" b="324.21" l="66.74" r="125.10">International</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="313.71" b="324.21" l="127.16" r="182.32">Intervention</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="58.04" r="74.33">The</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="78.11" r="104.76">efforts</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="108.54" r="138.86">leading</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="142.64" r="153.65">up</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="157.43" r="165.88">to</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="169.66" r="182.80">the</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="186.19" r="216.66">Arusha</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="220.44" r="240.12">talks</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="243.90" r="280.08">included</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="283.87" r="325.57">ultimately</ga:tpm>
      <ga:tpm t="331.71" b="342.21" l="3

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The Arusha Accords and the Failure of International Intervention in Rwanda

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