Urwibutso rwa Bisesero rwafunguwe ku itariki ya 7/4/1997, rwaje kongera kuvugururwa n’ubwo umushinga warwo utaranozwa neza nkuko watekerejwe mu ntango, rumurikwa nanone kuwa 27/6/2014.
Mu rwibutso rwa Bisesero hashyinguye abantu bari hagati y’ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50,000) na mirongo itandatu (60,000). Uyu mubare munini usobanurwa n’ibintu bibiri:
Icyambere ni uko Kibuye muri rusange, Bisesero by’umwihariko, yari ituwe n’Abatutsi benshi kurusha uko Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri zabivugaga.
Icya kabiri ni uko abatutsi bo hirya no hino ku Kibuye bumvise ko Abanyabisesero biyemeje guhangana n’Abahutu, barwana bagana bose mu Bisesero. Abatutsi barwaniye ku dusozi twose twa Kibuye ( les résistants), abiyemeje guhangana n’abicanyi kuva i Rwamatamu, Ndoba muri Kizinga ukagera ku musozi wa Korongi, bose bararwanaga. Bisesero kandi nayo ubwayo igizwe n’udusozi dukurikira: Kigarama, Muyira, Murambi, Gisoro, Jurwe, Kazirandimwe, Gitwa, Uwingabo na Nyarutovu;
Abaneshwaga ku gasozi kamwe bahungiraga mu Bisesero. Abasesero bamaze ubwoba abandi, ubagezeho wese bakamubwira bati urahungira he? “Abakwirunye bakakugeza aha ntubazi? Guma hamwe turwane n’abahutu”. Icyatumye Abasesero badashira burundu, ni uko banze kujya mu Kiliziya n’ubwo ubutegetsi bwabishishikarizaga abatutsi ngo babone uko babarundanya. Byari bizwi mu mateka ko abasesero ari intumva (ils sont têtus)..JPG)
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II. Amateka magufi y’aho urwibutso ruri.
Mbere ya 1959, Bisesero yabarirwaga muri Teritwari ya Kibuye, Sheferi ya Rusenyi yatwarwaga na Shefu Fundi ya Rwagataraka, nyuma Bisesero yagabiwe umutware w’Umwami Bwanakweri wa Nturo wahatwaye kugeza abatutsi bameneshwa n’Ababiligi ku gihe cya Colonel Logiest muri 1960.
Sushefu wa Bisesero wagendeye rimwe na Bwanakweri ni Vianney Gasamunyiga.
Colonel Logiest yandika mu gitabo cye, ngo igikorwa k’ibanze kwari ugusimbuza abategetsi b’Abatutsi, Abahutu mbere y’uko amatora ya komini aba. Ku ba Sushefu 550, 326 bari Abahutu; ku ba Shefu 45, 26 bari abahutu.
Mbere ya 1959, Bisesero yari iy’Abatutsi bihariye udusozi twa Bisesero. Abatari abaho, abatutsi n’abahutu batuye hepfo za Gishyita, bakabita Abanyamayaga. Hari uwo mwihariko ko Bisesero itari ivanze. Abatari abanya Bisesero, babonaga Abasesero nk’abantu babuze ikintu ku buryo « péjoratif », nkuko mbese bikunze kuvugwa ku Bakonyine cyangwa ku bandi batutsi babaga bonyine bita ku nka zabo, nk’Abagogwe. Nyuma ya Jenoside, kubera ubutwari bwabo, abatutsi bose b’ako gace bifuza kwitwa Abasesero.
Umwihariko w’Abasesero ni uguhangana (résistance) ; muri 1959 ntibigeze batwikirwa, abahutu barabatinyaga, Bisesero yarakumiraga, bazwiho kuba abantu b’abanyamahane.
Bamwe mu Basesero nk’umusaza Seromba, bavuga ko Umukurambere wabo SEBIKARA ariwe wabazanye mu Bisesero abavanye mu Gisaka aje ashaka ubwatsi bw’inka ze ; akahagera ari ishyamba, kwinjira muri iryo shyamba bikaba gusesera ariyo nkomoko y’izina Bisesero. Nyamara abatutsi batuye Bisesero ntibagize inzu imwe kuko hari amoko ya : Abanyiginya, Abakono, Abahima, Abagesera n’Abasita.
Aka gace ni ahantu haberanye n’ubworozi bw’inka kubera ikirere cyaho cyiza n’amazi menshi usanga kuri buri gasozi. Ubworozi bw’inka nibwo bukungu bwaho.
Nubwo bihagazeho muri 1959, abahutu ngo bashatse kujya kubatwikira bohejwe n’uwari Administrateur w’Umumubirigi wari ku Kibuye Bwana BANELI, ngo yabwiraga abahutu ati nimutere, agahindukira akabwira n’abatutsi ati mwihagarareho. Abakomando ba Colonel Logiest bahisemo uruhande rw’abahutu barasa abatutsi 5, ari nabyo byaviriyemo Abatutsi bakomeye guhunga n’abasigaye baremera barategekwa. Abasesero bagumanye amasambu yabo baguma n’aho batuye kugeza ubu.
III. Ibikorwa by’urugomo n’ubwicanyi: 1959-1962
Ibikorwa by’itotezwa ry’Abatutsi byatangijwe n’ivuka ry’Amashyaka muri 1959.
Ikiswe revolusiyo yo muri 1959, cyaranzwe n’urugomo n’ubugome, gisenya ibyari bisanzwe kizana urwikekwe mu banyarwanda. Abatangije ibikorwa by’urugomo ni Ababiligi kuko iyo badahagarikira abahutu ngo batwike barye inka, iyo badafata abatutsi ngo bafungwe abandi bameneshwe; ibikorwa by’urugomo no gutoteza abatutsi hari aho bitari gushoboka henshi mu gihugu nkuko mu Bisesero babigaragaje.
Umwami Kigeli wa V Ndahindurwa yavuye mu Rwanda ku itariki ya 29/6/1960 agiye mu minsi mikuru y’ubwigenge bwa Congo. Ababiligi ntibatumye agaruka. Urumva rero ko n’Umwami atirukanywe n’abahutu. Uretse mu Bisesero, Abatutsi mu gihugu hose baratwikiwe inka zabo ziraribwa, bamwe barafungwa, abari ku butegetsi basimbuzwa abahutu, baricwa abarusimbutse barahunga. Si ukuvuga ko abatutsi bahunze bose ngo bave mu Rwanda, urugero ni urwa Bisesero n’ahandi hari higanje abatutsi banze guharira u Rwanda abahutu bonyine ; n’ubwo umubiligi yababwiraga ngo : umututsi umuririye inka, kuko bazikunda cyane, ukamutwikira kuko ari abanebwe bamenyereye gukorerwa n’abahutu, azahita ava mu Rwanda. Siko byagenze kuko bamwe muribo barahunze ubuzima bwo mu buhungiro hari abo bwananiraga bakagruka. N’umugambi wo kubarimbura muri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda muri 1994, ntibawugezeho.
Ingaruka rero y’ibyo byose ni uko umututsi yahawe akato mu miyoborere y’igihugu, haba ivangura ku mugaragaro ku buryo muri ako gace gatuwe n’abatutsi benshi utashoboraga kubonamo n’umujyanama wa Komi.
IV. Mu gihe cya Repubulika ya mbere: Nyakanga 1962- Nyakanga 1973.
Hari ku ngoma ya Grégoire Kayibanda, umunyamahanga wumvishije abahutu bo mu Rwanda ko bene wabo b’abatutsi aribo banyamahanga kandi barabyemera. Inyito zakoreshwaga mu nzego z’ubutegetsi ni : Umurenge, Komini na Prefegitura.
Aho urwibutso ruherereye habanje kwitwa Komini Nyarutagara, hanyuma ihinduka Komini Gisovu, Segiteri Bisesero, Prefegitura ya Kibuye.
Politiki ya Repubulika ya mbere yaranzwe n’itotezwa ry’Abatutsi, kubamenesha no kugaba imitungo yabo ; irangwa n’ivangura mu nzego zinyuranye z’ubutegetsi bw’i Gihugu, kwima akazi abatutsi bageze mu mashuri. Kayibanda yahisemo gutegekana n’Ababiligi haba mu nzengo za politiki, nko muri guvernema habagaho Ministri w’umuhutu, na Secrétaire d’Etat w’umubiligi ; haba mu nzego za gisirikare, aba officiers b’Ababiligi nibo bakomeje kwigisha no kuyobora igisirikare cy’u Rwanda. No mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi ba UNAR mu Ruhengeri muri 1963, uwari uyoboye agaco k’abicanyi ni officier w’umubiligi witwa Pilate wicishije abanyapolitiki b’amashyaka bitaga ay’abatutsi barenga 15 n’abandi batavuga umubare nta n’urubanza rubaye. Ibiro by’ubutasi ku ngoma ya Kayibanda (services de renseignements) byamarishije abatutsi, byayoborwaga na Major Tulpin w’umubiligi.
Mu gihe k’ibitero by’inyenzi nk’icyabaye muri 1963, nta ngaruka cyagize cyane ku abatutsi bo mu Bisesero nkuko byagenze ku Gikongoro itari kure cyane ya Bisesero, kubera ahari kwa gutinya Abasesero. Abatutsi bari mu buhungiro mu bihugu bikikije u Rwanda, nabo imibereho y’abasigaye mu gihugu ntiyabahangayikishaga cyane kuko hari abavugaga ko bemeye gufatanya n’ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika ndetse bakabibonamo ubusambo ngo banze guta ibintu byabo.
Hakurikiyeho itotezwa ry’abatutsi ryo muri 1973 ; ubwo abana b’abatutsi birukanwaga mu mashuri, abandi batutsi bakirukanwa mu kazi. Mu Bisesero, abana baho bari baragiye mu mashuri, cyane ayisumbuye, bari bacye cyane kandi biga kure cyane y’iwabo. Boherezwaga mu mashuri y’ubwarimu, abandi bakajya mu i seminari yo ku Nyundo. Abo nabo bahunze muri 1973. Urebye uko Bisesero ingana, ukareba n’abantu baho bashobora kuba barakandagiye mu ishuri, usanga ivangura ryarakandamije bikomeye abatutsi, bakomeza kuba abaturage b’abakene batunzwe n’isuka n’ubworozi nkuko bigaragara mu Bisesero.
V. Mu gihe cya Repubulika ya kabiri: 5/7/1973-6/4/1994.
Repubulika ya kabiri yatwawe na Habyarimana Yuvenali. Mu nzego z’ubutegetsi, hakoreshwaga: Cellule; Secteur, Komini, Suprefecture, na Préfecture. Icyo gihe Bisesero yabarirwaga muri Komini Gishyita, Segiteri Bisesero, Cellule ya Kigarama.
Politiki muri ako gace yari imeze nkuko yari imize henshi mu duce dutuwe n’Abatutsi benshi. Politiki yo gushyira utwo duce mu kato, tugakumirwa ntihagire ibikorwa by’amajyambere biharangwa ; politiki yayikoranye ubugome buhanitse, burimo amayeri menshi, Habyarimana yategekeshe ikinyoma nko kuvuga ko abatutsi nabo ari abenegihugu ariko akabaheza mu byiza by’igihugu. Yafataga umututsi umwe cyangwa babiri akamushyira mu myanya igaragara yo hejuru nko kuba Ministri, akavuga ko abatutsi bahagarariwe mu nzego z’ubutegetsi .Politiki y’iringaniza yavanguraga abatutsi ntibabone amashuri, ntibabone akazi. Ibyakorwaga ku ngoma ya Kayibanda, Habyarimana yabihaye ingufu kandi abikorana ubuhanga ; habayeho ahubwo kunonosora bya gihanga uburyo umututsi yahera hasi ntatere imbere mu bwenge no mu mibereho n’ubwo hari agahenge ko kuticwa buri kanya. Ibyo rero si umwihariko w’abanyabisesero niko byari bimeze mu gihugu hose.
Ku Kibuye, mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa kabiri n’intango z’ukwa gatatu 1973 baratwikaga bakanasahura mu makomini agize Kibuye yose. Ibyo byarabaye n’ahandi nk’i Gitarama cyane cyane. Ariko by’umwihariko Abatutsikazi bo Kibuye, cyane cyane abakobwa bahavuka barikomwe bihagije baregwa gusuzugura cyangwa gushotora abahutu. Abanyeshuri bo muri Christ-Roi na Humanités Modernes bagombye kuva i Nyanza bajya kwirukana abatutsikazi mu mashuri yo ku Kibuye nka : Ecole technique yo ku Kibuye, Kirinda na Birambo.
Listi y’abatutsi batifuzwaga ku kazi yamanitswe ku Kibuye tariki ya 21/3/1973, yariho amazina y’abantu 19 bitwaga ko batifuzwa n’abaturage kuko ngo ari abagambanyi n’abacancuro.
Ubwo Ikotanyi zagabaga igitero cyo kubohoza u Rwanda, ku Kibuye batangiye gufata ibyitso ku itariki ya 5/10/1990, Kigali yaraye irashwe. Kuri uwo munsi hafashwe abantu 90 bajyanwa muri gereza. Nyuma yaho hafashwe abantu benshi bavanywe mu ma Komini ya Gishyita, Rwamatamu, Bwakira, hafatwa n’Abapadiri b’abatutsi ba : Nzanana Adriyani na Mutiganda Siliveri bo muri za Paruwasi Birambo na Mubuga ngo bazira ko basomye misa ku cyumweru kandi batanze amabwiriza ko buri wese aguma iwe.
Abanyururu bari bafungiye ku Kibuye bazira ko ari ibyitso bakorewe iyica rubozo rikabije benshi bafunguwe bamaze amezi atandatu bazira ubusa kandi barabaye ibimuga ; Diregiteri wa Gereza ya Kibuye Mugemangango Fransisko yishe abantu urw’urubozo.
Iyi ngoma yasojwe no gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu RwandaVI. Mu gihe cya Jenoside : 6/4/1994- 19/7/1994
Ibikorwa bya Jenoside byatangiye mu Bisesero ku itariki ya 7/4/1994 kuko aribwo Abatutsi bo mu Bisesero bataye ingo zabo bahungira ku dusozi twa Muyira, Gitwa, Kigarama, Gitwe, Bisesero, Murambi, Uwingabo, Gisoro ndetse no mu mpinga z’umusozi wa Karongi. Nkuko twabivuze haruguru, Abatutsi bo ku Kibuye barwaniye ku misozi yose ya Kibuye banga gupfa, uko bagiye batsindwa hamwe abarokotse bagasanga Abasesero bari biyemeje kurwana n’ababatera.
Ibirangirire mu bakoze Jenoside mu Bisesero ni aba bakurikira :
Sikubwabo Charles wari Burgumestri wa Gishyita; Mika Muhimana wari konseye wa segiteri Gishyita; Muhirwa Ezéchiel, Konseye wa Segiteri Musenyi ; Rutaganira Vincent wari Konseye wa segiteri Mubuga, Ngerageze Dany, wari assistant Bourgmestre ; Semani Augustin wakoraga muri mines zo mu Bisesero za REDIMI ; Ntakirutimana Elizefani, pasteur w’i Ngoma ; Ruzindana Obed, umucuruzi wo ku Mugonero ; Kayishema Clément, Préfet wa Kibuye.
Ministre w’Itangazamakuru, Eliezer Niyitegeka yakoresheje inama ebyeri zo gutera mu Bisesero kuko Abasesero bari banze gushira, imwe yabaye ku Kibuye ku itariki ya 10/6/1994, indi iba ahagana ku itariki ya 17/6/94.
Ku itariki ya 3/5/1994, Minisitiri w’Intebe Kambanda Jean yayoboye inama ku Kibuye aho Prefet Kayishema yavuze ko umutekano mucye uri muri Kibuye, uterwa n’abantu barundanije mu Bisesero asaba ko babaha ababafasha kugirango bikize abo banzi. Nyuma y’iyo nama bahamagaje Abasirikare, Interahamwe z’i Cyangungu no ku Gisenyi zapakijwe amakamyo ziza kwunganira izo ku Kibuye kugirango bikize abanya Bisesero. Ibitero byabo byo ku matariki ya 13 na 14 z’ukwa gatanu 1994 byahitanye abatutsi benshi bo mu Bisesero ; byatangiraga saa kumi n’ebyeri za mu gitondo bikarangira hafi saa kumi n’imwe y’umugoroba. Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu African Rights uvuga ko ku abatutsi 50,000 bari mu misozi ya Bisesero hari hasigaye 2,000 gusa mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa gatandatu (African Rights, Résistance au génocide, Bisesero-Avril-Juin 1994).
Hari n’abavuga ko Abasirikare b’Abafransa bagaragaye mu bitero byo mu Bisesero kuri ayo matariki y’ukwezi kwa gatanu mbere yuko ikiswe Opération Turquoise gitangira.
Abatutsi bo mu Bisesero banze guhungira muri za Kiliziya cyangwa ku nyubako za Leta aho kenshi boshyaga abatutsi guhungira ngo babone uko bacunga umutekano wabo, bo bahisemo guhungira ku misozi igizwe n’amashyamba. Kuba baranze nkuko babavuga ngo basanzwe bumva nabi, byarafashije bashobora guhangana n’umwanzi. Abarokokeye ahandi, harimo na za Kiliziya nka Mubuga, bumvaga ko abasesero babaye ibamba bagashaka uko bagera mu Bisesero. Bagezeyo bose, bababwiye ko nta handi ho guhungira bagomba kurwana. Bagize umutware w’igitangaza BIRARA Aminadabu yarababwiye ati muhame hamwe turwane, abigisha uburyo bwo kwirinda, abatoza kujya mu matsinda, kandi ko buri wese agomba kugira intwaro kandi akarwana. Abagore n’abana bato abategeka kurwanisha amabuye, abagabo n’abasore, amacumu n’imihoro, amacumu bakayarwanisha kandi bakayikingiza. Bateganya aho bazajya bashyira inkomere mu bisimu bya Nyiramakware na Ruvuna bakabavuza amavuta y’inka. Biyemeza ko umwanzi batazarindira ko abageraho ahubwo babona igitero bakihutira kwivanga bakarwana ingwatiramubiri. Bishe umu Lieutenant ufite imbunda wari uje muri reconnaissance agwa mu gico cyabo interahamwe zitahwa n’ubwoba ku buryo zemezaga ko harimo inkotanyi, interahamwe zonyine zitabashobora. Kuva muri mata 1994 kugeza mu kwa gatanu interahamwe zazereraga ahantu hose, zaje gushinga imbunda zikomeye (mashinigani) ku misozi yose zigahuriza ku Basesero. Ntaho uzasanga mu Bisesro ibyobo rusange, bishwe umugenda banze kwirunda hamwe ngo badashira.
Mu Bisesero haguye abantu benshi badateze no kumenyekana kuko abatutsi baturutse imihanda yose muri Kibuye ndetse na Gikongoro uwabaga ataguye mu nzira yaganaga iya Bisesero.
Ikindi umuntu yavuga kuri Bisesero ni uko ubwihisho bwaho bwari bwiza nabyo bikaba byarafashije aba résistants ba Bisesero: hari amashyamba abantu bakabasha kwihisha, buri gasozi kariho amazi, bakagira n’abatoza beza Birara n’umuhungu we Nzigiye.
Aho Abafaransa bo muri Turquoise bagereye mu Bisesero, abagihangana mbarwa bakigaragaza, Abafaransa bamaze iminsi igera kuri ine bataragaruka nkuko bari babisezeranije, biha umwanya Prefet Kayishema wo gukuraho umwanda, ariko ntibapfiriye gushira.
Ibikorwa byo kwica mu Bisesero byahagaze kuwa 30/6/1994.
VII.Izina ry’uwibutso rwa Jenoside :
“URWIBUTSO RWA JENOSIDE YAKOREWE ABATUTSI, BISESERO 1994” rufite amateka maremare.
Vedaste Ngarambe, umusore w’umusirikare akaba architecte, urugamba rucogoye yasabye uruhusa abwira bagenzi be b’Abasirikare kumuherekeza akajya kureba niba iwabo ku Kibuye hari akarokotse. Hari muri Nzeri 1994. Baciye ku Gikongoro mu cyahoze ari Komini Mushubi, batunguka Gisovu banuka mu Bisesero. Atungutse mu mpinga za Bisesero abona ibintu by’umweru byandagaye ku dusozi abajije Abasesero barokotse ati ariya mabuye y’imyeru yaje ate? Yaturutse he? Bati turiya ni uduhanga twa bene wanyu. Yakubiswe n’inkuba ariko ahita afata icyemezo cy’uko utwo duhanga tutagomba kuguma ku misozi, ahamagarira abacitse ku icumu bo ku Kibuye ngo batabare hagire igikorwa. Hari n’ishyirahamwe ry’abanyakibuye “Solidarité Kibuye” riba umuyoboro wo gushaka imbaraga n’uburyo bwo kubaka urwibutso.
Prezida wa Repubulika icyo gihe, Pasteur Bizimungu, yagiye mu Bisesero ku itariki ya 7/4/1997, areba ibyari bimaze gukorwa ku urwibutso hafatwa icyemezo ko urwibutso rugaragaza ubutwari bw’aba résistants ba Bisesero ruhabwa ubushobozi rukarushaho gutunganywa.
Intego ya mbere y’urwibutso kwari ukugarura ubuzima mu Bisesero, abantu bagashyingurwa ariko n’abasigaye bakahagenda, bagataha ntibahahurwe. Gushyingura bituma abantu batuza, ubuzima bugatangira. Ikintu gishya Jenoside yazanye ni ukuduhuza n’udahari tukagirana umushyikirano kuko mu muco w’abanyrwanda, mbere guhamba byasaga no kujugunya ntuzasubire ku irimbi, ndetse ku irimbi hatera ubwoba; kera cyane ho umupfu bamujugunyaga mu bihuru no mu mashyamba.
Gutuma abapfuye badapfa (immortaliser) bagashyingurwa mu cyubahiro, bakagira n’amateka, ni ukurata ubutwari bw’abanze gupfa bareba.
Uwashushanyije urwibutso, Ngarambe yashakaga ko n’abicanyi batazibagirana (immortaliser les bourreaux). Ku gishushanyo cy’urwibutso, yari yarabageneye icyobo cyabo, amazina yabo akazajya asomwa acuramye mu mwobo bashumikanye ku mirunga (imigozi).
Urwibutso rwa Bisesero rugizwe n’ibice bitandukanye buri cyose gifite icyo gisobanura:
Mu mwinjiro hari Arc de Triomphe, isobanura ko Ubuzima bwatsinze urupfu. Abahanganye n’abicanyi babonye ubuzima, kugira Abatabazi bahagaritse Jenoside ni ugutsinda urupfu.
Ibuye rikikijwe n’amacumu ni ugushimagiza (rendre immortel) ariya macumu kuko yafashije mu kwimira abicanyi no kurwana n’abicanyi. (Hari abavugaga ko asobanura amakomini cyenda yari agize Kibuye kuko abantu baho nabo bahaguye, ariyo: Gitesi, Mabanza, Rutsiro, Kivumu, Bwakira, Mwendo, Gisovu, Gishyita, na Rwamatamu. Ariko nyiri ubwite yampaye ikindi gisobanuro.)
Inzira izamuka y’imfunganwa, inyura umujyo umwe kuko ugomba kuyizamuka ntuyimanuke, igaragaza ingorane, inzitizi, umuruho wo kuzamuka, inkuta zikumira uyizamuka aba ari victim bisobanura abicwaga, kunyura hagati y’amagafu, aribyo kujya mu rupfu. Ariko wagera mu mpinga, inzira zikaba nyinshi. Bishushanya amayira anyuranye aganisha ku kurokoka.
Ugeze mu mpinga aba ari umunyabugingo, aba arokotse. Nuko Abarokotse bakibuka ababo bagasubiramo amazina yabo, kuko yagombye kuba ahari; bakibuka n’abapfuye kuko ariho hari imva yabo.
Ishyamba riri hariya ni ishyamba ry’uburuhukiro aho abantu bicara bakazirikana.
Bifuza ko igice cya kabiri cy’urwibutso cyazubakwa, cyaba kigizwe n’inzu y’amateka, inzu y’ibitabo aho abashaka gusoma, gukora ubushakashatsi kuri jenoside no kuri résistance babona icyicaro.