II. Amateka y’agace Urwibutso rwa Nyanza ruherereyemo.

Nkuko Mabano Justin abivuga (yavutse muri 1948), aka gace kitwaga Ubusanza Nord mu nyito ya Sheferi z’icyo gihe, mbere ya 1959. Hakaba ariho Umurwa Mukuru w’u Rwanda. Niho habaye ikicaro cy’Umwami  Yuhi waV Musinga na Mutara wa III Rudahigwa. Naho Umwami Kigeri wa IV Rwabugiri nta urugo yari afite i Nyanza ahubwo yari yubatse hafi yaho i Giseke na Nyagisenyi. Giseke na Nyagisenyi biregeranye cyane, aho akaba ari mu cyahoze ari Komini Rusatira, ubu ni mu murenge wa Kinazi Akarere ka Huye.

Chefferie ya Busanza Nord yatwarwaga n’Umutware w’Umwami (Chef) Ruhara rwa Serukenyinkware akunganirwa n’aba Sushefu : Nkubito wari Sushefu wa Rwesero, Semushi wari Sushefu wa Kavumu na Nkuranga wari Sushefu wa Gasoro.

Mu Urukari niho Umwami Mutara Rudahigwa yari atuye, atabarizwa (ashyingurwa) i Mwima muri Nyakanga 1959. Mu bami bose b’u Rwanda, Rudahigwa niwe wenyine washyinguwe i Mwima kuko abandi batabarizwaga i Rutare hafi yo ku Rwesero rwa Byumba; urutse nanone Se Yuhi wa V Musinga waguye ishyanga muri Kongo aho yari yaraciriwe n’Ababiligi n’aba Misiyoneri Gatolika by’umwihariko Musenyeri Classe.

Udusozi dukikije  Urukari dusa naho twari dufite inshingano zihariye : i Mwima hashyinguye Umwami n’Umwamikazi Rozariya Gicanda wishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994 ; i Mushirarungu hari hatuwe n’ibyegera by’i Bwami, abatoni ba hafi b’Umwami barimo abahutu n’abatutsi, bamubaga bugufi, bakamutaramira akagiramo n’abo atuma ; ku Rwesero hari hatuwe n’abahigi b’Umwami nawe kandi yakundaga uwo mwuga, hagaturwa kandi n’abakannyi b’impu, batunganyaga impu ari izambarwa, ari n’izirema ingoma.

Urugo rw’Umwami Yuhi wa V Musinga rwari i Kabare, ubu hari ikigo cy’Ababikira n’ishuri ry’abakobwa ryitwaga ETF (Ecole Techinique Féminine).

Kabare kwa Musinga hakikijwe na Mugonzi, Gakenyeri, Gatsintsino ugana ku cyuzi cya Nyamagana.

Mbere y’ubwigenge abantu b’i Nyanza ntibibonaga mu moko y’abahutu n’abatutsi, habagamo abatoni b’Umwami kurusha abandi bigatuma bagirana n’ishyari, kandi abatoni bari mu moko yose abahutu abatwa n’abatutsi. Abantu bakuru b’i Nyanza, ngo abari bazi ba se bari bacye, kubera ko ku umurwa, hagendwaga n’abantu baturutse hirya no hino mu gihugu bakahamara igihe kirekire, bagasiga bahabyaye n’abana bagakura batazi ba se ; bishaka kuvuga ko n’abari bazi ko ari abatutsi cyangwa abahutu bari bake, kuko umwana afata ubwoko bwa se. Nyanza rero yari ihuriro ry’abantu baturuka hirya no hino mu gihugu bazaga i Nyanza bazanywe n’ubuhake, gufata igihe, kubaka inkike, abatagira incungu bakaba banahasazira, uretse ko hari n’abakundaga i Bwami ntibifuze gusubira iwabo. 

Si abagabo gusa  babaga i Bwami, hari n’abagore benshi, bamwe ari abaja abandi ari abaterambabazi. Abo bagore, birumvikana ko bahuraga n’abagabo bagashyikirana ndetse bakanabyarana, uwabaga acyuye igihe yihutiraga gutaha abana bagasigarana na ba nyina, bagakurira i bwami bakazatura i Nyanza, bakaba rubanda rw’Umwami.

Hakurya yo ku Mugonzi, aho Collège Christ-Roi yubatse, ku i Hanika hari imbuga ngari abagabo bamanjiriwe mu Rukari bajyagayo kuhashaka abagore, na magingo aya hitwa ku mbuga yabyo. Hataraba imbata y’amadini : gatolika n’abaproso ku i Hanika, ari nabyo Musinga yarwanyaga, bareruga bakabivuga.

Urugero rundi aba nyenyanza bavuga, ni uko Rudahigwa yazanaga abantu b’abanyamahanga akabatuza i Nyanza akurikije akamaro bamufitiye banafitiye Igihugu. Barimo Abatanzaniya, Abaganda n’Abanyekongo.Ingero :

• Uwitwa Ndaruruhira, umukarane wa Rudahigwa, nyuma yabaye umucuruzi i Nyanza bavuga ko ari Umutanzaniya ;

• Uwitwaga Tindo, umugande wakoraga inkweto, Rudahigwa agashaka ko abyigisha abanyarwanda ;

• Uwitwa Gafumisi, umugande wari shoferi mekanisiye watwaraga Umugabekazi  Nyiramavugo wa III Kankazi Radegonda,  Nyina w’Umwami Rudahigwa ;

• Sekinanka yazanywe n’Umwami ari umutoza w’ikipi y’umupira w’amaguru, bakeka ko yari Umushi. Abana be bababye abakinnyi ba Rayon sport b’ibirangirire.

Indi mpamvu yatumaga abanyenyanza bigorana kumenya ubwoko bwabo, ni uko Umwami Rudahigwa hari abantu yatoraguraga akabazana i Nyanza,  ku bakiri bato, hari ubwo babaga baratawe n’ababyeyi babo kubera impamvu zitandukanye zirimo n’ubushobozi buke bwo kurera umwana ukamukuza ; ku bakuru kuko bari mu bukene bukabije akiyemeza kubatunga no kubakwerera. Urugero umusaza Mabano w’i Nyanza atanga ariko nawe avuga ko bishobora kuba tari ukuri ijana ku ijana ni :

« Uwitwa Kinyange se wa Dogeteri Lyambabaje Alexandre ngo Rudahigwa yaba yaramutoraguye ari uruhinja mu gihe yari mu muhigo i Mututu ho mu Mayaga. Imbwa ze  zabonye icyana cy’igihinja mu gihuru zisuma zimusanga Umwami arazitesha ahita afata wa mwana aramuterura, abwira abahigi bari kumwe ati umuhigo wanjye ndawucyuye. Amushyira mu modoka arataha, i Bwami baramwondora bamwitaho, baramurera arakura kugeza abaye mukuru. Umwami aramwubakira amushyingira umututsikazi wo mu baterambabazi, aramukwerera nkuko umubyeyi akwerera umwana n’ubu isambu ye ihana imbibi n’iyo kwa Rudahigwa ».

Aho rero niho abanyenyanza bahera bavuga ko i Nyanza ntawe uzi ubwoko bwe ibyo byazanywe na idéologie ya Parmehutu.

Ibikorwa by’ubukungu byari ku isonga ni : ubworozi bw’inka, Nyanza kandi ikaba ihuriro y’imyaka yera mu gihugu hose kuko ku Umurwa hahuriraga abantu baturutse imihanda yose bose kandi bari bafite inshingano yo kuzana ingemu i Bwami. Abatware b’Umwami nabo boherezaga amakoro  y’imyaka beza aho batwara ikajya gutunga ab’i Nyanza.

I Nyanza hari ubucuruzi buteye imbere bwakorwaga n’Abahindi, Abagereki n’Abarabu Rudahigwa yazanye i Nyanza. Umucuruzi w’Umuhindi RHAMATALI yabaye ikirangirire mu Rwanda kubera ubucuti yari afitanye n’Umwami.  I Bwami bahahaga iwe ibikenerwa byose birimo ibiribwa, imyambaro, ibikoresho byo mu rugo ndetse Umwami niho yatumizaga imyenda y’abakinnyi b’umupira.

III. Ibikorwa by’urugomo n’ubwicanyi 1959-1962

Icyo gihe cyaranzwe n’ivuka ry’amashyaka ya politiki mu Rwanda muri 1959 ; i Nyanza ishyaka ryavugwaga ni UNAR utari muri iryo shyaka ntiyavugaga kuko ryari ishyaka ry’abakunda Umwami ry’abashyigikiye ubwami mu Rwanda.

Hirya no hino mu gihugu, cyane cyane ahakikije Nyanza i Gitarama n’Ubufundu inkongi yari yose, batwikira abatutsi, barya inka zabo. Nyanza rero yabaye ubuhungiro bw’abo bose bahungunga urugomo rwa PARMEHUTU (Parti du mouvement de l’emancipation hutu) na APROSOMA (Association pour la promotion sociale de la masse). Benshi baturutse i Bufundu, i Bunyambiriri na Kibuye.

I Nyanza nta totezwa ryihariye ryahagaragaye muri icyo gihe nta n’abavuye mu byabo.  Ikibigaragaza nuko no mu matora ya mbere ya Komini, n’ubwo umwuka wari mubi mu gihugu hose, abatutsi bamaze kwicwa, kumeneshwa no guhungira mu mahanga ; ku buryo mu kwezi kwa mbere 1960 hashyizweho abashefu na ba sushefu b’abahutu basimbura abari bamaze kumeneshwa bagera kuri 300, i Nyanza ishyaka UNAR (Union Nationale Rwandaise) niryo ryatsinze amatora ya Komini yo kuwa26/6/1960 kugeza kuwa 30/7/1960. Uwatowe kuba Burgmestri wa Nyanza ni uwitwa Munyanziza nubwo muri rusange UNAR yari yabujije abayoboke bayo kwitabira ayo matora. Grégoire Kayibanda amaze kuba Prezida (yatowe kuwa 26/10/1961), Nyanza yarayishenye. Ibyo byatangijwe no kwimura Umwamikazi Rozariya Gicanda ava i Nyanza bamwohereza kuba i Butare. Intumwa ya Kayibanda yashinze uwo murimo ni Shamukiga wari Préfet wa Nyanza.

Icyakurikiyeho ni uguhindura izina Nyanza, ntiryasubira gukoreshwa mu nzego z’ubutegetsi ihinduka Nyabisindu. Kuvanaho Burgumestri wari watsinze amatora agasimburwa na Burgumestri w’umuhutu Habiyambere François ; aba nyenyanza bahise bamuha akabyiniriro ka Rudasumbwa kubera indeshyo ye ; hakurikiyeho kugaba isambu ya Rudahigwa bayigabanya abahutu bagizwe n’abakozi ba Leta bari baje gukorera i Nyanza byose bigamije gusenya no kwibagiza ibyarangaga i Bwami no ku Umurwa.

Ibindi bikorwa by’urugomo byaharanzwe ni ugufunga no gukenesha abatutsi, kubirukana mu kazi ka Leta no kubanesha.

IV. Igihe cya Repubulika ya mbere: 1962-1973

Ni ku ngoma ya Grégoire Kayibanda. Ku gihe cye, mu nzego z’ubutegetsi hakoreshwaga Umurenge, komini na Prefegitura.

Aho urwibutso ruherereye hari mu Umuerenge wa Rwesero, Komini Nyabisindu, Prefegitura ya Butare.

Nyanza nk’Intara yavuyeho, havuka muri 1963 Prefegitura ya Gikongoro. Igice kimwe cya Nyanza cyashyizwe muri Butare, ikindi i Gitarama, ikindi ku Gikongoro.

Muri politiki, Nyanza yahawe akato nta bikorwa by’iterambere byahashyizwe ahubwo n’ibyari bihasanzwe byatangiye gusenyuka hagamijwe ko Nyanza yibagirana burundu. Ukomoka i Nyanza wese, akomeza kwitwa umuntu w’i Bwami, Umurunali (umuyoboke w’ishyaka UNAR), gashakabuhake n’izindi nshyuro zuzuye agasuzuguro n’urwango.

Kubera iryo kumirwa ry’ibikorwa by’iterambere, abanyenyanza ubwabo batangiye kuhahunga bimukira mu tundi duce, cyane cyane mu mijyi. Ba bacuruzi bazanywe n’Umwami Rudahigwa b’Abahindi, Abagereki n’Abarabu, Kayibanda arabamenesha. Umugambi wo gukenesha Nyanza wagize ingaruka mbi ku ba nyenyanza bose, kuko abanyapolitiki b’icyo gihe baravugaga ngo nta muhutu nta mututsi w’i Nyanza.

Urwego rwa Leta rukuru rwakoreraga i Nyanza ni Cour Suprême (Urukiko rw’Ikirenga). Ni naho honyine hashoboraga gutanga akazi ku bantu nabo batari benshi, kuko imiterere y’akazi k’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga si uk’ubonetse wese, Impuguke mu by’amategeko nazo zari mbarwa, ibyagaragaye rero ni uko abahakoraga ari abakozi bato: abaplanto, abanditsi mu bukarane n’abazamu.

Muri iyo gahunda yo gusubiza inyuma Nyanza, Cour Suprême yaciwemo ibice, bimwe byimurirwa i Kigali hasigara Cour de Comptes gusa. I Nyanza niho haberaga umunsi mukuru w’Ubutabera kuwa  21 Ugushyingo wa buri mwaka, Habyarimana amaze gufata ubutegetsi muri 1973 awukuraho ngo nta butabera bw’i Nyanza.

V. Mu gihe cya Republika ya kabiri: 5 Nyakanga 1973 kugeza kuwa 6 mata 1994

Muri iki gihe hatwaraga Habyarimana Juvenal wari Prezida wa Repubulika.

Aho urwibutso ruri hari muri Selire Murambi, Segiteri Rwesero, Komini Nyabisindu, Prefegitura ya Butare. Inzego z’ubutegetsi zagarukiraga kuri Selire ariko nazo ari selire ari segiteri nta servise zatangaga.

Nyanza yakomeje guhezwa, yari igize kuba ifite umwihariko wo kuba ikimenyetso cy’ubwami mu Rwanda, ikongeraho kubarirwa mu gace kiswe i Nduga kuri Repubulika ya II kafatwaga nk’agace gatuwe n’abanzi ba politiki y’abakiga bakomoka mu ma Prefegitura: Gisenyi, Ruhengeri na Byumba.

Ingoma ya Habyarimana yari izi neza ko ingoma ya PARMEHUTU ya Kayibanda, ntacyo yamariye Nyanza kuko abakoze coup d’état bari basanzwe nabo ubwabo bayirimo, baranagize uruhare mu gucengeza propaganda yavugaga ko Nyanza ari indiri y’abatutsi.Guverinoma ya Habyarimana rero yanonosoye politiki ku buryo bwa gihanga yo kwanga umututsi, kwima umwana we amashuri, kumukumira mu kazi, kumukenesha, aribyo byiswe politiki y’iringaniza (politique d’équilibre éthnique et régionale).

N’ubwo bikunze kuvugwa ko Habyarimana yahaye agahenge abatutsi ni nko kwemera ko, koko abatutsi ntacyo bari bakwiye nta uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bagomba, ko bagomba kwicwa.

Iryo totezwa ryatumye aba nyenyanza bakangukira izindi ngamba zo kwibeshaho. Urubyiruko rwabujijwe kwiga rukabuzwa akazi rwashize ubute rugana inzira y’ubucuruzi.

Nyanza izwi nk’ahantu ubucuruzi bw’imyenda yambawe (Sekeni) yatangiriye ikwira igihugu cyose kandi igira umusaruro. Abanyanyenza bitwa abacuruzi b’ababanyamafaranga. Ibyo nabyo bitera ishyari, maze imvugo ko abatutsi bihariye ubukungu (économie) mu Rwanda ngo abahutu nabo biharire politiki, iba kimomo.

Ibi rero abanyenyanza babikesha ubufatanye no kugira ishyaka (solidalité) uzamutse agahereza undi ukuboko akamuzamura, uguye undi akamuramira. Ntawakwirengagiza inyigisho n’uburere bakuye mu idini ry’Abadiventiste b’umunsi wa karindwi ryiganje muri ako gace benshi muri abo bacuruzi bakaba n’abayoboke baryo. Ntabwo bashyize imbere inyigisho ya “Hahirwa abakene” ahubwo bigishije ubufatanye kwiteza imbere no kwizerana.

Amashuri Gatolika yiganje i Nyanza, yayobowe n’abapadiri yigisha abavuyemo abanyabwenge bategetse iki gihugu.Ibyo niko byari bimeze kuri Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri. Urugero ni Collège Christ-Roi. Ikibabaje ni uko inyigisho zatanzwe, nubwo atari zo gusa, harimo n’ingengabitekerezo ya PARMEHUTU yo kwanga abatutsi. Ikibigaragaza n’uko ibikorwa byo kwirukana abatutsi mu mashuri no mu kazi byateguwe na bamwe mu ba padiri bigishiga i Nyanza banayobora ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo. Urugero  ni:  

 Padiri Naveau yateguye ibikorwa byo kwirukana abatutsi mu mashuri muri 1973. Ahagana mu mpera za 1972 yagarutse muri Collège Christ-Roi, kuko yari yarigeze kumeneshwa mu Rwanda kubera ibitekerezo bye by’ubuhezanguni, icyo gihe yakoreshaga inama abanyeshuri bamwe rwihishwa mu gihe k’ikiruhuko cy’amasomo (récréation), zibakangurira kwitegura kwirukana abatutsi bagenzi babo biganaga.

Padiri Naveau afatanije na Mgr Perraudin, bacuze umugambi, n’ubwo utabashobokeye, wo kwimurira abapadiri b’abatutsi bo ku Nyundo bari barokotse ubwicanyi n’imeneshwa byo muri 1973 ngo bajye kuba Abamisiyoneri muri Guinée ya Seku-Touré. Abo ni Musenyeri Louis Gasore, Padiri Gérard Mwerekande na Padiri Janvier Murenzi. Ndetse Prezida Kayibanda yari muri uwo mugambi wo gucira ishyanga Abapadiri b’Abatutsi bo ku Nyundo.

Si uwo gusa, Collège Christ-Roi y’i Nyanza yayoborwaga na Chanoine Eugène Ernotte uzwi kuba yaragize uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa bitandukanye  byo gushinga no kunonosora idéologie ya Parmehutu.

Duhereye k’ urubyiruko rwategurirwa kuzaba abayobozi b’igihugu, yabashyiriyeho ishyirahamwe ryitwa SECA (Secrétariat d’Etudiant   Centre Afrique) ryahuzaga abanyeshuri bose bo mu Rwanda, bureau y’iyo Secrétariat ikaba muri Christ-Roi. Uwo muryango wakoze akazi k’ubukangurambaga mu rubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri bwo kubangisha abatutsi. Ababaye aba Secrétaires généraux bawo ba vuba aha bibukwa ni nka : Léon Mugesera, Bakinahe Dominique, Phocas Ntibahanana bose bo ku Gisenyi.

Chanoine Ernotte abarwa mu nshuti magara za Kayibanda, ari mu banditse Manifeste y’Abahutu.

No mu gihe Kayibanda yari yarahawe akato afungiye mu nzu ye  i Kavumu ye hafi ya Kabwayi, Chanoine Ernotte na Padiri Endriatis bakuranwaga kumugemurira ukaristiya. Muri 1979, ni Diregiteri wa Collège Christ-Roi i Nyanza Chanoine Ernotte wabajije bwambere ikibazo k’iyicwa ry’imfungwa za politiki zo muri 1973.

Abahutu n’abatutsi b’i Nyanza  bamenye, bamwe ko ari abatutsi abandi ari abahutu, kubera ubwo bukangurambaga (consciatisation) bwakozwe n’abanyapolitiki n’aba misiyoneri cyane cyane mu gihe cya Repubulika ya kabiri, bigira ingaruka ko na babandi biyitaga ko nta tandukaniro ryabo ndetse batazi ubwoko bwabo nti bamenye ba se nyakuri, bitabiriye jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda muri 1994.